2025-01-09
1st Amendment - 1951
Reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech (Public order, Friendly relations with foreign states, Incitement to an offence). Ninth Schedule added- Land Reforms Acts.
Inserted Article 31A: acquisition of Pvt. property by Govt.
17th Amendment - 1964
Amended 31 A and 9th schedule Golaknath case was against these amendments
24th Amendment - 1971
Parliament got right to amend any part of Constitution including Fundamental Rights (article 368).
To counter SC ruling in the Golaknath case-1967.
25th Amendment-1971
Both 24th & 25th amendment was attempt by Indira Gandhi Govt to make India a socialist state. They, however, culminated into ‘Basic Structure’ Doctrine.
Inserted 31 C: exempted any law giving effect to the article 39(b) and 39(c) of DPSP from judicial review, even if it violated the Fundamental Rights.
SC struck down a part of the amendment in ‘Kesavananda Bharati’-1973- case.
26th Amendment-1971
Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states.
31st Amendment-1973
Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats
35th and 36th Amendment-1975
Sikkim incorporated into India and became a State
39th Amendment- 1975
Placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister. In 1976, SC struck it on violation of basic structure.
42nd Amendment-1976
SC, in Minerva Mills case, quashed the amendments to Articles 31C and 368 on basic structure doctrine.
Passed during Emergency Called mini-Constitution- so many changes.
Curtailment of fundamental rights
Inserted 51 A: fundamental duties
Inserted "Socialist, Secular, Integrity" in Preamble.
Most of changes were reverted by 44th amendment-1978
44th Amendment-1978
After emergency by the Janata Govt
Reverted most of changes of 42nd amendments.
Tighter conditions for emergency, protection of Fundamental Rights and human rights
"Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA)" war removed from the 9th schedule.
52nd Amendment-1985
Anti-defection laws- disqualification on ground of change of party (defection)
Added 10th schedule
56th Amendment-1987
Formation of Goa State
61st Amendment-1989
Reduced voting age to 18 years
69th Amendment-1991
legislative assembly and council of ministers for National Capital Territory of Delhi.
Inserted articles 239AA- Governance of NCT of Delhi
72th Amendment-1992
Inserting clause 3 (B) in article 332
73rd Amendment-1992
Panchayati Raj System Inserted 243 to 243-O
74th Amendment-1992
Constitutional status to Municipalities
Inserted 243-P to 243-ZG
76th Amendment-1994
Inserting entry 257 A in the 9th schedule
86th Amendment-2002
Right to Education- 6-14 year children Inserted article 21-A
91st Amendment-2003
Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members
92th Amendment-2003
Addition of Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali in schedule 8
93rd Amendment-2006
provision of reservation (27%) for Other Backward Class (OBCs) in govt and educational institutions
99th Amendment-2015
National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)for Judge’s appointments
Was struck down by SC on violation of basic structure of Constitution.
101st Amendment-2017
GST (Goods and Services Tax) introduced
103rd Amendment-2019
10% reservation to Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs)
104th Amendment-2020
Abolished nomination of 2 Lok Sabha seats to Anglo-Indians Extended reservation for 10 years
Amendment of Article 344
105th Amendment- 2021
Latest Amendment
Restores the power of the State Governments and Union Territories to identify and specify Socially and Economically Backward Classes (SEBCs)
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