Core Ideologies

1. Sex is biological
2. Gender is socio-cultural construct
3. Biological determinism
4. Attributes associated with female gender valued less
5. Sexual division of labor

Patriarchy, Capitalism, and other social institutions allowed men to oppress women. These structures of male power over female should be overturned. 

Patriarchy produces a social system, where every sex assigned some specific expectations, call gender, which give upper stator to men and lower to women, produces conditions for women misery. 

Different stands

Liberal: Equal rights in public sphere/political rights such as voting rights, 19th century.

Radical: Patriarchy is root cause of women's misery, personal is political (who has the power of decision making in private sphere as in public sphere, politics is very where from family to state, decision making power who hold it), questioned hierarchical arrangement of masculinity and femininity, reproductive role, Universal sisterhood.

Socialist: Capitalism and private property root cause of women's misery. Unpaid work at home, treat women as something produce next generation of workers, workers become sleaves in workplace, women become sleave of sleave. Destroying capitalism will end this misery, it will destroy concept of nuclear family, enslavement, other factors contributing to women's misery. In commune, everyone will live equal, taking care of child's, concept of hierarchical gender role will end.

Black, Eco, Marxist, anarchist, revolutionary, cultural, multi-cultural, Dalit, many other stands. -> main theme, problems face by women across the world are not same.

Thinkers

Liberal

1. Rousseau: A discourse on origin of inequality- 1755
2. Marry Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the rights of women- 1792
3. J.S. Mills: Subjugation of women- 1869

Ridical

1. Simone de Beavoir: The second sex- women are not born but made- 1949
2. Shulamith Firestone: The Dialectic of sex- 1970
3. Kate Millet: Sexual politics- 1971

Socialists

1. Friedrich Engles: The origin of family, private property, and the state- 1884
2. Sheila Rawbatham: Women, resistance, Revoluation and hidden form of history - 1943

Weaknesses

1. Fragmentation: from 20th century second half
2. Disregard to multiple identity: In initial stages
3. Didn't engage with men expect of liberals
4. Instead of equality and balance advocated turnings every notion upside down
5. Gap in theory and practice. Also, theory become fragmentated with time.

Waves

First

1. Also called Liberal Feminism;
2. Timeline: 19th & early 20th century
3. It demanded Equal rights for women in public sphere/political
4. Focus- education, job, equal pay, voting rights, property rights, legal rights, equality in marriage, family, society

Thinkers & Work:

1. Marry Wollstonecraft: ‘Vindication of the rights of women- 1792’
2. Fanny (Frances) Wright
3. J.S. Mills: ‘Subjugation of women-1869’
4. Harriet Taylor Raja Ram Mohan Roy
5. Pandita Ramabai - ‘the high caste Hindu women’- 1887

Second

1. Also called radical feminism Timeline: 1960s-70s
2. Questioned socially constructed gender notions of masculinity and femininity, patriarchy, and reproductive role
3. Reshape society and restructure its institutions
4. Slogan- ‘Personal is political’; ‘women are made, not born’
5. Universal sisterhood, included black/coloured women

Thinkers & Work:

1. Simone de Beauvoir: ‘the second sex’ – women are not born but made-1949 
2. Shulamith Firestone: ‘The Dialectic of sex-1970’ 
3. Kate Millet: ‘Sexual politics-1971’ 
4. Germaine Greer- ‘The Female Eunuch’-1972

Third

1. May be called post-modern feminism, eco-feminism, transfeminism, etc. 
2. Timeline: 1990s-2010 
3. Demanded freedom to control their bodies and their lives Intersectionality- women experience "layers of oppression" – caste, class, colour, gender, race 
4. Fighting classism, racism, sexism by overturning the notions of gender, race, class, and structure & symbols supporting them.
5. Raised issues of violence against women, women's reproductive rights, sexual liberation, derogatory terms for women, transgender rights, etc.

Thinkers & Work:

1. Rebecca Walker- ‘Becoming the Third Wave’ 
2. Eve Ensler- ‘Vagina Monologues’ 
3. Amy Richards- ‘Opting In’ 
4. Naomi Wolf- ‘The Beauty Myth’. 
5. Susan Faludi- ‘Backlash’ 
6. Germaine Greer-‘The Whole Woman’ 
7. Carol Ann Duffy- ‘The World's Wife’

4th

1. Timeline- since 2012 
2. Focus: focus on empowerment of women, against sexual harassment, body shaming, and rape culture, etc. 
3. Use of social media Me Too movement

Thinkers & Work:

1. Rebecca Solnit- ‘Men Explain Things to Me (2014)’ 
2. Jessica Valenti- ‘Sex Object: A Memoir (2016)’ 
3. Laura Bates- ‘Everyday Sexism (2016)’

Marxist or Socialist Feminism

1. Class and private property, and not gender discrimination, are the main issues 
2. Consider mainstream feminism as capitalist or Bourgeoise feminism- limited to white women

Thinkers & Work:

1. Friedrich Engles: ‘the origin of family, private property, and state-1884’ 
2. Alexandra Kollontai- ‘Sexual relation and the class struggle’ 
3. Sheila Rawbatham: ‘Women, resistance, revolution and hidden form of history-1943’ 
4. Martha Nussbaum-‘Sex and Social Justice’

Eco-Feminism Examine

1. Examine socio-political arrangements from the perspective of connections between women and nature 
2. Gendering Nature 
3. Eco-Feminism was coined by French feminist Françoise d’Eaubonne in 1974 
4. Feminist perspective of Green politics that calls for an egalitarian, non-patriarchal, non-exploitative, collaborative social order.

Thinkers & Work:

1. Susan Griffin-‘ Woman and Nature’
2. Maria Mies-‘ Ecofeminism’ ( with Vandana Shiva) 
3. Mary Mellor: ‘Feminism & ecology’ 
4. Sallie McFague 
5. Vandana Shiva 
6. Greta Gaard 
7. Judi Bari- Earth First!

Post Colonialist feminist

Thinker & Work:

1. Chandra Mohanty

Others

1. Susan Miller Okin- Feminist conception of Justice 
2.  J. Ann Tickner- Re-formulation of 6 Principles of Morgenthau
3. Feminists argue that women’s values are based primarily on prescribed social role