Citizenship

Citizenship implies full and equal membership of a political community with certain rights and duties. It is a relationship between individual/collective and the state.

T.H. Marshall: "full and equal membership in a political community" 

book -> "Citizenship and the social class", 1950

Universal declaration of human rights, 1948: Article 15 - Everyone has the right to a nationality.

Theory of Citizenship

4 board historical periods:

Classical Graeco-Roman Periods (4th century B.C. onwards)

Ancient Greece: 

Mean of citizenship was active civic participation in republics or city-state. Idea of citizenship based on principle of active political participation.

Aristotle: Greek citizens as "all who share in the civic life or ruling and being ruled in turn."

Ancient Rome: 

Citizenship could now be imagined not primarily as participation in the making and implementing of laws, but as a legal status involving certain rights and equal protection of the law.

Late medieval and early modern periods including the period of the French and American Revoluation

Citizenship in this period did not stand for common public responsibilities and civic virtues. Instead, the notion of 'common liberty' became the primary concern of citizenship. This notion is negative in nature. It indicated claims for 'security' or protection, which was to be provided by the authorities. Physical life (Hobbes), the family and home (Bodin and Montesquieu), conscience and property (Locke).

Liberty of private pleasures and pursuit of happiness, and security of these were main notion of citizenship.

The French Revoluation, 1789:

It can be seen as a revolt against the passive citizenship. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens brought the notion of the citizen as a "free and autonomous individual" who enjoyed rights equally with others and participated in making decisions which all had agreed to obey.

The developments in the 19th century corresponding to the growing influence of liberalism and capitalism

Citizenship as a legal status, which gave the citizen certain rights assuring protection from state interference. The notion of citizenship is "free and equal citizens".

Multiculturalism

Will Kymlicka

Marion Young -> Differentiated Citizenship

Martha c Nussbaum and Kwame Anthony Appiah -> Cosmopolitan Citizenship

Yasemin Soysal -> Post National Citizenship

Two stands or traditions of rights and citizenship

1. Civic republicanism -> characterized by the idea of common good, public spirit, political participation and civic virtue.
2. Liberal citizenship -> emphasis on individual rights and private interests

Civic Republicanism/Communitarian

republican tradition, describes citizenship as an office, a responsibility, a burden proudly assumed

Liberal Tradition

Describes it as a status and entitlement, a set of rights passively enjoyed

Liberal Concept of Citizenship

The liberal concept of citizenship flows from Enlightenment thinking and is deeply rooted in the liberal thought tradition, which takes individualism as its main component. The liberal concept of citizenship has traditionally bound together equality before the law and the actualization of social justice. Along with freedom to choose one's way of living, equality before the law can be held as one of the most important aspects of the liberal notion of citizenship.

T.H Marshall - "Citizenship and the Social Class", 1950 - distinguishes 3 stands or bundles of rights, which constitute citizenship:

• Civil Rights: Came first and consolidated the rule of law and equality before the law. Its rights are those "necessary to individual freedom" - liberty of the person, freedom of thoughts, speech and faith, the right to own property.
• Political Rights: Political rights caught up with civil rights by means of more reforms. Right to vote (universal suffrage)
• Social Rights: encompasses a "whole range" of rights, from "a modicum of welfare and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and live the life a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in society.

Criticism:

A narrow concept of citizenship, only considered the legal aspects of citizenship 

Marxist Critique of Liberal Citizenship  

Karl Marx on his book "On the Jewish Question" -> 

Modern bourgeois state's citizenship, flails to address inequalities of modern capitalist societies. Which is inherently an unequal system, which thrives on producing and perpetuating class inequalities, rights, asserts the Marxist critique, can only be "superficial tapping's" of equality. Civil and political rights are product of bourgeois revoluations.

Feminist Critique of Liberal Citizenship  

Feminist criticized the gender neutrality and gender blindness of citizenship theory, its failure to take into account:

1. The patriarchal character of modern societies
2. The manner in which gender determines access to citizenship rights

Carole Pateman: modern liberal citizenship while not entirely excluding women, incorporates them on the basis of their socially useful/biologically determined (determined that is, by their biological constitution and corresponding roles such as childbearing and rearing)

Gandhian Notion of Citizenship

Gandhian notion of citizenship can be seen as consisting of elements of civic republicanism, identified as a commitment to the "common good", civic duty and active citizenship. The commitment in Gandhi to a community of interests in interspersed, however, with an equally strong faith in individual autonomy and distrust of the oppressive potential of state power. The main elements of Gandhi's notion of the "common good" are:

1. Societal interests are above individual interests
2. Spiritualism is above materialism
3. Duties towards society are prior to individual rights against the state or individual interests against other members of society
4. Trusteeship of common possession of production