Michael Walzer

(born 1935)

1. Prominent American political thinker of Communitarian ideology
2. Gave ‘Complex equality’ in book ’Spheres of Justice’
3. Communitarian critique of liberalism- with Alasdair MacIntyre and Michael Sandel
4. ‘Just and Unjust Wars (1977)’- ethics in wartime
5. ‘On Toleration’- toleration in various settings, including multinational empires

Book:

1. Just and Unjust Wars - 1977 - ethics in wartime
2. Spheres of Justice - 1983

He gave the concept of Complex Equality.

Complex Equality:

1. A communitarian account of equality
2. All cultural communities/societies have distinct spheres of distribution
   
3. Distribution of social goods in separate distributive spheres on the basis of different principles, procedure and criteria
   
4. Monopoly over one social good within a distributive sphere is not allowed to dominate the distribution of a good in other sphere – conversion of one good for other blocked 
   
5. Possession of one social good and related status/standing is not undermined by nonpossession of other social good in other sphere